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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
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Hepatic Portal System01:21

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The Water Cycle01:00

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Quality of Water

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In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
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Hepatitis E: Still Waters Run Deep.

Moritz von Wulffen1, Dirk Westhölter1, Marc Lütgehetmann2

  • 1Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology
|March 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are increasingly recognized in industrialized nations, not just developing countries. Increased awareness is crucial for diagnosing and managing this liver disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Keywords:
ExtrahepaticHepatitis EHepatitis E virus (HEV)RibavirinTransplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes infectious hepatitis, with over 20 million annual infections globally.
  • Historically considered travel-associated, HEV is now recognized as prevalent in industrialized countries.
  • Limited awareness among healthcare professionals in industrialized nations contributes to underdiagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of clinically relevant aspects of Hepatitis E.
  • To highlight the increasing prevalence of autochthonous HEV infections in industrialized countries.
  • To address the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of HEV, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of current research on Hepatitis E.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, clinical presentations, and diagnostic approaches.
  • Evaluation of treatment strategies and extra-hepatic manifestations.

Main Results:

  • HEV infections are more common in industrialized countries than previously assumed.
  • HEV can lead to chronic liver disease, especially in immunocompromised patients.
  • Extra-hepatic manifestations and diagnostic complexities are significant clinical concerns.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis E is an emerging public health issue in industrialized countries requiring greater clinical awareness.
  • Effective diagnosis and management are critical, particularly for at-risk populations.
  • Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps and improve patient outcomes.