Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...

Translation

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Adenosine A2B Receptor Activation: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Accelerating Liver Recovery After Acetaminophen Overdose.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Differentiating Hepatic and Renal Toxicity Reveals CYP-Independent Mechanisms of Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Dysregulation of xenobiotic metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction exacerbate acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in human antigen R-deficient male mice.

Toxicology·2026

Same author

Understanding Liver and Digestive Diseases: A Paved Road to Improve Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment.

Exploration of digestive diseases·2026

Same author

Imaging bioactive lipid isomers in acetaminophen-induced liver injury using nano-DESI tandem MS.

Journal of lipid research·2026

Same author

Reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrite in acetaminophen-induced liver injury: Lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis-like cell death.

Ferroptosis and oxidative stress·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Modeling Alcohol Consumption in Rodents Using Two-Bottle Choice Home Cage Drinking and Microstructural Analysis

Modeling Alcohol Consumption in Rodents Using Two-Bottle Choice Home Cage Drinking and Microstructural Analysis

Published on: November 8, 2024

Alcoholic Hepatitis: Lost in Translation.

Benjamin L Woolbright¹, Hartmut Jaeschke¹

¹Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.

Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology

|March 27, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Developing a reliable mouse model for alcoholic hepatitis is crucial for creating new treatments. Recent advances in in vitro and in vivo models offer hope for better understanding and managing this severe liver disease.

Keywords:

Alcohol Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis Keratin-18 Liver disease Prognosis

More Related Videos

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy

Published on: June 18, 2020

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies

Published on: May 18, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Modeling Alcohol Consumption in Rodents Using Two-Bottle Choice Home Cage Drinking and Microstructural Analysis

Modeling Alcohol Consumption in Rodents Using Two-Bottle Choice Home Cage Drinking and Microstructural Analysis

Published on: November 8, 2024

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy

Published on: June 18, 2020

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies

Published on: May 18, 2014

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Toxicology
Immunology

Background:

Alcoholic hepatitis is a severe form of alcoholic liver disease with high mortality.
Lack of effective pharmacological interventions is due to inadequate mouse models for research.
Recent progress aims to establish robust mouse models for alcoholic hepatitis research.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in modeling alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in mice.
To contextualize these models within the spectrum of ALD.
To translate advances into a high-fidelity alcoholic hepatitis model.

Main Methods:

Review of in vitro and in vivo mouse models for alcoholic liver disease.
Analysis of recent diagnostic, prognostic, and pathophysiological advancements.
Focus on immune dysfunction in alcoholic hepatitis.

Main Results:

Significant progress has been made in developing in vitro and in vivo mouse models.
Understanding of alcoholic hepatitis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognosis has advanced.
The role of immune dysfunction in alcoholic hepatitis is increasingly recognized.

Conclusions:

Recent advances provide a foundation for a high-fidelity mouse model of alcoholic hepatitis.
Improved models are essential for developing effective pharmacological interventions.
Further research integrating pathophysiology and immune response is needed.