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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Characterizing Electron Transport through Living Biofilms
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RND transporters in the living world.

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This summary is machine-generated.

The RND superfamily transporters are crucial drug efflux pumps in bacteria but also perform diverse roles across Archaea and Eukaryotes. This review explores their varied structures and functions in different organisms.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) superfamily is recognized for its role as major drug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria.
  • However, RND transporters are found in a wide range of organisms, including Archaea and Eukaryotes.
  • These transporters are involved in various cellular processes beyond drug resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the RND superfamily transporters.
  • To highlight the structural diversity and functional roles of RND transporters across different domains of life.
  • To emphasize the broad significance of RND transporters beyond bacterial drug efflux.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on RND superfamily transporters.
  • Comparative analysis of RND transporter structures and functions across different organisms.
  • Synthesis of information on the diverse roles of RND transporters.

Main Results:

  • RND transporters are present in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes, indicating ancient origins and broad evolutionary conservation.
  • Beyond drug efflux, RND transporters are implicated in essential cellular functions such as nutrient uptake, metal transport, and cell division.
  • Significant structural variations exist within the RND superfamily, correlating with their diverse functional specificities.

Conclusions:

  • The RND superfamily represents a functionally and structurally diverse group of membrane transporters with critical roles in all domains of life.
  • Understanding the structure-function relationships of RND transporters is essential for various applications, including antimicrobial drug development and understanding fundamental biological processes.
  • Further research into the diverse functions of RND transporters will uncover new therapeutic targets and insights into cellular transport mechanisms.