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Isotopes

Isotopes

Elements have a set number of protons that determines their atomic number (Z). For example, all atoms with eight protons are oxygen; however, the number of neutrons can vary for atoms of the same element. The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Elements can have multiple isotopes, for example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
An element's atomic mass, or weight,...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...

Classifying Matter by State

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars.

Classifying Matter by Composition

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures.
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated.
A mixture is composed of two or...

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Distance Corrections

Distance Corrections

To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Author Spotlight: Quantification of Complex Lipidomic Samples Using Stable Isotope Labeling

Author Spotlight: Quantification of Complex Lipidomic Samples Using Stable Isotope Labeling

Published on: August 23, 2024

Correction: Encoding matter with regiospecific ¹²C/¹³C isotopic labels.

James J La Clair¹

¹Xenobe Research Institute, P. O. Box 3052, San Diego, CA 92163-1052, USA. i@xenobe.org.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|March 27, 2018

Summary

This correction clarifies the use of regiospecific 12C/13C isotopic labels for encoding molecular information. It ensures accurate representation of isotopic labeling strategies in chemical communications.

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Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

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Area of Science:

Chemistry
Chemical Communications

Background:

Accurate reporting of scientific findings is crucial for reproducibility.
Isotopic labeling is a key technique in chemical research.

Purpose of the Study:

To correct errors in a previously published article.
To ensure clarity regarding the use of regiospecific 12C/13C isotopic labels.

Main Methods:

Review of the original publication.
Identification and correction of specific details related to isotopic labeling.

Main Results:

The correction provides accurate information on the application of regiospecific 12C/13C isotopic labeling.
Ensures the precise encoding of molecular information using isotopic tracers.

Conclusions:

The corrected information enhances the understanding of isotopic labeling techniques.
Maintains the integrity of scientific communication in chemistry.