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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
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The semantics of emotion in false memory.

C J Brainerd1, S H Bookbinder1

  • 1Institute for Human Neuroscience and Department of Human Development.

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)
|March 27, 2018
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Summary

Emotional valence, not arousal, influences false memory formation. This study identified a mathematical relation between valence and arousal, finding that negative valence is more arousing than positive valence, but only valence impacts memory errors.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Emotional valence and arousal are often confounded in false memory research.
  • Understanding their independent effects is crucial for accurate models of memory.
  • Previous studies lacked methods to disentangle these emotional components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To mathematically relate emotional valence and arousal ratings.
  • To determine if arousal influences false memory when confounded with valence.
  • To test if semantic properties affecting false memory correlate with valence and arousal.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed valence and arousal ratings of normed words and pictures.
  • Identified a quadratic relationship between valence and arousal.
  • Examined false memory data from Cornell-Cortland Emotional Word Lists.
  • Tested predictions derived from fuzzy-trace theory.

Main Results:

  • A quadratic relation was found: negative valence is more arousing than positive valence.
  • False memory data lacked fine-grained properties predicted by arousal's influence.
  • Valence ratings correlated with semantic properties linked to false memory; arousal ratings did not.

Conclusions:

  • Emotional valence, not arousal, appears to be the primary driver of false memory.
  • Fuzzy-trace theory provides a viable explanation for valence-specific effects on memory errors.
  • Future research should consider the distinct roles of valence and arousal in memory.