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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Thousands of artificial satellites orbit the Earth every day at various distances from the Earth. Satellites that orbit the Earth below an altitude of 1,600 km are considered to be orbiting in low-Earth orbit (LEO). Research satellites and Earth observation satellites are usually placed in LEO, and mostly orbit the Earth in elliptical orbits. Navigation satellites are placed in medium-Earth orbit (MEO), ranging from 2,000 km to 36,000 km from the surface of the Earth. Meanwhile, communication...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

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Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase
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Satellite DNA evolution: old ideas, new approaches.

Sarah Sander Lower1, Michael P McGurk1, Andrew G Clark1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|March 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Satellite DNA, repetitive genomic sequences, plays roles in chromosome stability and species evolution. New computational tools now allow researchers to study satellite DNA evolution and function genome-wide.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Multicellular eukaryotes possess large arrays of tandemly repeated sequences known as satellite DNA, constituting a significant portion of their genomes.
  • Satellite DNA has been implicated in crucial biological processes, including chromosome mis-segregation, disease phenotypes, and reproductive isolation between species.
  • Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of satellite DNA is vital due to its potential impact on genome stability and speciation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight advancements in computational tools and sequencing technologies for analyzing satellite DNA.
  • To discuss how these new applications are enhancing the study of satellite DNA evolution and function.
  • To bridge the gap between theoretical models of satellite DNA evolution and empirical testing.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide identification and quantification of satellite DNA sequences.
  • Application of advanced computational tools for analyzing repetitive DNA elements.
  • Utilizing high-throughput sequencing technologies for comprehensive genomic assessment.

Main Results:

  • Recent technological advances enable precise identification and quantification of satellite DNA across entire genomes.
  • These tools facilitate empirical testing of long-standing theories on satellite DNA evolution.
  • New insights into the generation and maintenance mechanisms of satellite DNA abundances are emerging.

Conclusions:

  • Modern computational and sequencing approaches are revolutionizing the study of satellite DNA.
  • These advancements are crucial for understanding the functional significance and evolutionary trajectories of satellite DNA.
  • Further research using these tools will deepen our knowledge of genome evolution and its impact on biological diversity.