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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus Spermatozoa: Collection, Cryopreservation, and Heterologous In Vitro Fertilization
Published on: August 21, 2017
Ejaculated boar spermatozoa displaying a rare multivesicular defect
Szabolcs Nagy1, Tuire Tamminen2, Magnus Andersson2
1Department of Animal Sciences, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Deak F. u. 16, Keszthely, 8360, Hungary. nagy.szabolcs@georgikon.hu.
Abstract:
Two cases of a previously unreported sperm defect appearing in boar studs in Finland are presented. Spermatozoa showed small particles scattered on their surface with a prevalence decreasing with boar age. Semen samples, either stained with eosin-nigrosin or examined with phase contrast optics on formaldehyde-fixed spermatozoa, revealed the presence of multiple particles attached to the surface of spermatozoa counted as dead cells at fixation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed these were multivesicular and multilamellar vesicles, built up by phospholipid membranes. The case is classified as a post-epididymal multivesicular sperm defect with a favorable prognosis.
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