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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Psychophysiological Stress Assessment Using Biofeedback
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Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Stress Relief Program for Depression*. A Replicated Single-Subject Design

Bregje M A Hartogs1, Agna A Bartels-Velthuis1,2, Karen Van der Ploeg1

  • 1Lentis Mental Health Organizaion, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands

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|March 28, 2018
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The Heart Rate Variability Stress Reduction Program (SRP) showed benefits for some patients with depressive disorders, particularly in resilience. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore long-term effectiveness.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Medicine

Background:

  • Depressive disorders frequently follow a chronic trajectory.
  • The effectiveness of current evidence-based treatments for depression may be overestimated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the Heart Rate Variability Stress Reduction Program (SRP) as an adjunctive therapy for patients diagnosed with depressive disorders.
  • To assess the impact of SRP on depression, resilience, happiness, heart coherence, and personalized outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • An ABA multiple baseline single-subject experimental design was employed.
  • Seven participants with depressive disorders completed eight weekly sessions of the SRP.
  • Daily diary measures included depression, resilience, happiness, heart coherence, and a personalized outcome measure.

Main Results:

  • Five out of seven participants demonstrated improvement in depressed mood or a personalized outcome measure.
  • Treatment effects reversed in four patients during the withdrawal phase.
  • Improvements were observed in autonomy and social optimism for some participants, with no consistent link between heart rate variability coherence and mood.

Conclusions:

  • The SRP demonstrates potential benefits for specific patient subgroups and certain outcome domains, especially resilience.
  • Enduring effects may necessitate prolonged treatment or continued home practice.
  • The study's small sample size limits generalizability, warranting further investigation into SRP's underlying mechanisms.