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Related Concept Videos

First Pass Effect01:12

First Pass Effect

9.7K
Presystemic elimination, or the first-pass effect, is the metabolism of drugs that reduces their effective concentration at the site of action. Apart from the first-pass effect, the systemic bioavailability of the drug is also reduced by other factors, including incomplete absorption or chemical degradation of drugs.
Depending on the route of administration, drugs can be metabolized in the liver, intestine, lungs, and vasculature. Orally administered drugs are first absorbed through the...
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Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins01:25

Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins

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Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated with the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell communication, signaling, adhesion, and transport of the molecules. Some integral membrane proteins are present only in the membrane monolayer. For example, the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase is present in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. In contrast, another type of integral membrane protein, also known as a transmembrane protein, spans across the membrane. Transmembrane...
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Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination01:23

Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination

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When a drug is taken orally, it undergoes a journey starting from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, passing through the portal vein, reaching the liver, and finally entering the systemic circulation. This process involves the absorption of the drug across the GI tract. The liver is the primary site for metabolizing the drug, with some metabolism also occurring in the gut wall. This journey significantly reduces the quantity of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation, a phenomenon known as...
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Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:26

Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

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Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
Integral transmembrane proteins possess transmembrane and extra membrane domains. The transmembrane domains are primarily made of 20-25 hydrophobic amino acids arranged in a helical secondary confirmation. These...
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Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:29

Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

18.6K
The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels and can remain in the ER membrane or are sent to the Golgi complex, lysosome, and cell membrane.
The multipass transmembrane proteins are the type IV integral membrane proteins with multiple topogenic sequences determining their spatial arrangement in the ER membrane. Nearly all multipass proteins lack a cleavable signal sequence and use...
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Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels01:09

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels

6.6K
In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an α-helix or β-strand structure. α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas β-strand containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins
Multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Performing Vaginal Lavage, Crystal Violet Staining, and Vaginal Cytological Evaluation for Mouse Estrous Cycle Staging Identification
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Vaginal progesterone and the vaginal first-pass effect.

M P Warren1

  • 1a Department of Endocrinology , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society
|March 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Vaginal progesterone offers an effective alternative to oral or intramuscular hormone delivery, bypassing the first-pass effect. This method provides a unique therapeutic solution for hormone replacement, fertility support, and minimizing side effects.

Keywords:
Vaginalassisted reproductionfirst passhormone replacementprogesteroneprogestin or progesterone side-effects

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive endocrinology and pharmacology

Background:

  • Systemic administration of progesterone (oral or intramuscular) is common but associated with the first-pass effect.
  • The first-pass effect can lead to variable drug concentrations and potential side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and applications of vaginal progesterone administration.
  • To highlight its advantages over systemic routes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on vaginal progesterone.
  • Analysis of its pharmacokinetic profile, focusing on the avoidance of the first-pass effect.
  • Examination of clinical applications.

Main Results:

  • Vaginal progesterone bypasses the hepatic first-pass metabolism, leading to more predictable serum concentrations.
  • Common uses include hormone replacement therapy and luteal phase support in assisted reproductive technologies.
  • It effectively avoids adverse effects associated with oral progestins and progesterone.

Conclusions:

  • Vaginal progesterone is a viable and effective alternative to systemic administration.
  • It offers a targeted therapeutic approach with a favorable side-effect profile.
  • This route presents a unique solution for various clinical challenges in reproductive medicine.