Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

Position of Equilibrium in Acid-Base Reactions02:05

Position of Equilibrium in Acid-Base Reactions

15.2K
In any solution, the value of pKa indicates whether an acid is completely dissociated or not. A negative pKa corresponds to a stronger acid, whereas a positive pKa corresponds to a weaker acid. Consider the reaction between ammonia and an ethoxide ion. In this reaction, ethanol with a pKa of 15.9 is a stronger acid than ammonia with a pKa of 38. Recall that the strong acid forms a weak conjugate base, and a weak acid forms a strong conjugate base. Hence, the ethoxide ion is a weak base.
15.2K
What is Energy?04:10

What is Energy?

59.6K
The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.  The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun — the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun, and, via the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or coal (fossilized...
59.6K
Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

52.3K
Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
52.3K
Energy Basics02:27

Energy Basics

47.9K
Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.
47.9K
Internal Energy02:00

Internal Energy

36.9K
The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
36.9K
Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

13.6K
The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
13.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Lightweight Continuous Authentication Protocol for the Internet of Things.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2018
Same journal

RETRACTED: Zhang et al. A Novel Framework for Reconstruction and Imaging of Target Scattering Centers via Wide-Angle Incidence in Radar Networks. <i>Sensors</i> 2025, <i>25</i>, 6802.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Enhancing Unsupervised Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Person Re-Identification via Mixture of Experts and Graph-Based Relation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development of an Instrumented Glove for Palmar Pressure Assessment in Kayakers.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development and Experimental Validation of an Autonomous IoT-Based Monitoring System for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment in the Amazon River.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Semi-Supervised Adversarial Learning Framework for Controller Area Network Bus Intrusion Detection.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Smart Optimization Method for Safety Signs in Innovative Manufacturing Environments Integrating Industrial Field IoT Sensors and Knowledge Graphs.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Analyzing the Photo-oxidation of 2-propanol at Indoor Air Level Concentrations Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry
08:23

Analyzing the Photo-oxidation of 2-propanol at Indoor Air Level Concentrations Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Published on: June 14, 2018

9.2K

An Indoor Positioning-Based Mobile Payment System Using Bluetooth Low Energy Technology.

Alexander Yohan1, Nai-Wei Lo2, Doni Winata3

  • 1Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan. d10309802@mail.ntust.edu.tw.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a secure mobile payment system using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and indoor positioning. The system authenticates users via BLE for convenient and secure Over-the-Air payments.

Keywords:
Bluetooth Low EnergyBluetooth beaconindoor positioning servicemobile paymentmutual authentication

More Related Videos

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation
05:52

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation

Published on: March 8, 2018

19.8K
Characterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay
11:49

Characterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay

Published on: July 28, 2014

41.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Analyzing the Photo-oxidation of 2-propanol at Indoor Air Level Concentrations Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry
08:23

Analyzing the Photo-oxidation of 2-propanol at Indoor Air Level Concentrations Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Published on: June 14, 2018

9.2K
Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation
05:52

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation

Published on: March 8, 2018

19.8K
Characterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay
11:49

Characterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay

Published on: July 28, 2014

41.7K

Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Information Technology

Background:

  • The proliferation of smartphones has driven the demand for advanced mobile payment solutions.
  • Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology enables seamless communication between devices, offering potential for innovative payment systems.
  • Existing payment methods often lack the convenience and security required for modern mobile transactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a secure indoor positioning-based mobile payment authentication protocol utilizing BLE technology.
  • To design and implement a next-generation mobile payment system leveraging BLE for Over-the-Air transactions.
  • To evaluate the performance and security of the proposed BLE-based mobile payment system.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a three-phase authentication protocol: initialization, session key construction, and authentication.
  • Integration of indoor positioning to detect customer proximity to the Point of Sale (POS) counter.
  • Implementation of a prototype system for performance assessment and security analysis using BLE communication.

Main Results:

  • The proposed protocol enables automatic customer detection and authentication within a payment-enabled area.
  • A secure session key is generated through BLE communication, establishing an authenticated session for payment transactions.
  • Prototype testing and security analysis indicate the feasibility and robustness of the proposed mobile payment system.

Conclusions:

  • The developed BLE-based mobile payment system offers a secure and convenient solution for modern consumers.
  • Indoor positioning integration enhances the checkout process by automating authentication.
  • The proposed protocol provides a strong foundation for future secure and efficient mobile payment technologies.