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Related Concept Videos

The Proteasome02:18

The Proteasome

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Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. A series of enzymes carry out the ubiquitination of the target proteins - E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...
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The Proteasome01:13

The Proteasome

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Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
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The Proteasome02:18

The Proteasome

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The Proteasome Structure01:17

The Proteasome Structure

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The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a well-known mechanism utilized by eukaryotic cells to remove cytoplasmic proteins that are misfolded, damaged, or no longer needed. In this pathway, the protein that needs to be eliminated undergoes a process called ubiquitination, where a chain of ubiquitin molecules is attached to the 48th lysine residue of the target protein. This ubiquitin modification helps the proteasome distinguish between a target protein and a healthy protein.
The proteasome is an...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Examining Proteasome Assembly with Recombinant Archaeal Proteasomes and Nondenaturing PAGE: The Case for a Combined Approach
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Examining Proteasome Assembly with Recombinant Archaeal Proteasomes and Nondenaturing PAGE: The Case for a Combined Approach

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HLA and proteasome expression body map.

Sebastian Boegel1, Martin Löwer2, Thomas Bukur2

  • 1TRON gGmbH - Translational Oncology at Johannes Gutenberg, University Medical Center gGmbH, Freiligrathstr 12, Mainz, Germany. seb.boegel@gmail.com.

BMC Medical Genomics
|March 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study maps human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene expression across 56 tissues, revealing significant variations. Immune cells show high HLA expression, while tissues like the retina have low levels, with HLA-G restricted to specific sites.

Keywords:
AtlasAutoimmuneBioinformaticsHLA expressionHuman leukocyte antigensImmunologyNGSProteasomeRNA-Seq

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) peptide presentation is crucial for T cell response.
  • HLA gene polymorphism and proteasome complexity hinder expression profiling.
  • Understanding tissue-specific HLA expression is vital for immunology and transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a comprehensive expression atlas of HLA class I, class II, and proteasomal genes across normal human tissues.
  • To investigate the heterogeneity and tissue-specific patterns of antigen presentation machinery.
  • To identify potential roles of HLA expression in immune privilege and tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Applied a tailored gene quantification pipeline to 4323 public RNA-Seq datasets.
  • Analyzed expression profiles of classical and non-classical HLA genes and proteasomal components.
  • Covered 55 normal human tissues and cell types, including immune cells and stem cells.

Main Results:

  • Generated the first comprehensive atlas of antigen-presenting genes across 56 normal tissues.
  • Observed highly heterogeneous HLA expression, with immune/lymphatic tissues showing highest levels and retina/brain/muscle lowest.
  • Identified tissue-restricted expression of HLA-G in placenta, islets, pituitary, and testis; immunoproteasome enriched in lymphatic organs.

Conclusions:

  • Provided a reference catalog for tissue-specific HLA expression and antigen processing components.
  • Highlighted significant variability in HLA and proteasome expression across cell types.
  • Suggested that low classical HLA class I, absent immunoproteasome, and upregulated HLA-G contribute to immune tolerance in privileged tissues.