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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Spinal Cord Transection In Xenopus laevis Tadpoles
Published on: December 10, 2021
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Anesthetic Ligands Using Xenopus laevis Tadpoles
Kellie A Woll1, Roderic G Eckenhoff1
1University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Abstract:
General anesthetics are considered among the most significant advances in modern medicine; however, they are also some of the most dangerous commonly administered drugs. Despite this, the discovery of novel anesthetics has been slow, with few clinically used agents regardless of their nearly 200-year history. Xenopus laevis frogs have a long history as a model organism and provide a vital bridge between in vitro and preclinical mammalian assays. The provided protocols are efficient and cost-effective and therefore readily amendable for high-throughput evaluation of novel anesthetic ligands. By using the X. laevis bioassay, a researcher is capable of determining relative general anesthetic tolerance and/or cross-tolerance for candidate nonvolatile and/or volatile ligands.
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