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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas
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Leiomyosarcoma: a rare sinonasal malignancy.

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Nasal leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are rare sinonasal tumors. Complete surgical resection is the primary treatment, with adjuvant therapy reserved for advanced cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Rhinology

Background:

  • Leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are rare malignant tumors originating from smooth muscle.
  • Sinonasal LMS are exceptionally rare, with limited documented cases.

Observation:

  • An 81-year-old male presented with nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea.
  • Nasendoscopy revealed polyps in the left nasal cavity, diagnosed as LMS via biopsy.
  • CT and PET imaging showed no bony erosion or distant metastases.

Findings:

  • Complete endoscopic resection of the sinonasal LMS was achieved with clear surgical margins.
  • The patient received no adjuvant radiotherapy and remains recurrence-free at follow-up.

Implications:

  • Nasal LMS diagnosis relies on histopathology and immunohistochemistry due to non-specific symptoms and imaging.
  • Complete surgical resection is the cornerstone of treatment for sinonasal LMS.
  • Adjuvant therapy is indicated for locally advanced or metastatic disease.