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Related Concept Videos

Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary Distribution01:28

Primary Distribution

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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing VRL Diagnosis Using Cell-Free DNA Extraction from Vitreous Humor
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Author Spotlight: Advancing VRL Diagnosis Using Cell-Free DNA Extraction from Vitreous Humor

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[Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma].

D Jaehne1, S E Coupland2

  • 1Institut für Gewebediagnostik Pathologie MVZ, HELIOS Klinik Emil von Behring, Berlin, Deutschland.

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft
|March 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell cancer originating in the retina, often spreading to the CNS. Differentiating PVRL from less aggressive choroidal lymphomas is crucial for appropriate treatment and prognosis.

Keywords:
DiagnosticsIntraocular lymphomaMasquerade syndromeMolecular pathologyNext generation sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Hematology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is the most common intraocular lymphoma, a high-grade malignant B-cell lymphoma.
  • PVRL often infiltrates the central nervous system (CNS), leading to a poor prognosis.
  • It requires differentiation from rare, low-grade choroidal lymphomas with better prognoses and localized treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and prognostic differences between PVRL and choroidal lymphomas.
  • To underscore the limited understanding of PVRL's incidence, risk factors, and geographical variations.
  • To emphasize the need for standardized treatment protocols and further research for early diagnosis and targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on intraocular lymphomas.
  • Comparative analysis of clinical features, treatment approaches, and outcomes for PVRL and choroidal lymphomas.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps regarding PVRL epidemiology and risk factors.

Main Results:

  • PVRL is a high-grade malignancy with CNS involvement and poor prognosis.
  • Choroidal lymphomas are low-grade, localized, treatable with radiotherapy, and have a good prognosis.
  • Limited data exists on PVRL incidence, risk factors (except immunosuppression, HIV, EBV), and geographical/ethnic variability.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate differentiation between PVRL and choroidal lymphoma is critical for patient management.
  • Current treatment strategies for PVRL are variable and depend on disease extent and CNS involvement.
  • Further research is essential for early PVRL diagnosis and the development of individualized, targeted treatments.