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Related Concept Videos

Balancing Redox Equations02:58

Balancing Redox Equations

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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Redox Reactions01:24

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

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In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

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The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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Related Experiment Video

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Assessment of Cellular Oxidation using a Subcellular Compartment-Specific Redox-Sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein
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ROS and RNS signalling: adaptive redox switches through oxidative/nitrosative protein modifications.

N T Moldogazieva1, I M Mokhosoev1, N B Feldman1

  • 1a Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia.

Free Radical Research
|March 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cells respond to oxidative stress through reversible protein modifications, acting as signaling switches. This review explores reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) sources and their role in regulating cell signaling and adaptive responses.

Keywords:
Cell signallingROS/RNS signallingnitrosative protein modificationoxidative protein modificationreactive nitrogen speciesreactive oxygen speciesredox switches

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Cellular responses to oxidative stress exhibit dual characteristics: beneficial (eustress) and detrimental (distress).
  • Low concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), regulated by the antioxidant system (AOS), induce reversible modifications in proteins.
  • These modifications, including S-sulphenylation, S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, S-persulphidation, disulfide bond formation, and tyrosine nitration, act as crucial redox switches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the sources of RONS and their cross-talks.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying reversible protein redox modifications.
  • To discuss adaptive redox switches and their role in physiological processes and diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on RONS signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of protein redox modifications and their regulatory mechanisms.
  • Discussion of adaptive redox switches like MAPK/PI3K/PTEN, Nrf2/Keap1, and NF-κB/IκB.

Main Results:

  • RONS are generated by sources like NADPH-oxidases, mitochondrial electron-transportation chain (ETC), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
  • Redox modifications provide specificity to RONS signaling, influencing pathways such as ROS-MAPK, ROS-PI3K/Akt, and RNS-TNF-α/NF-kB.
  • The antioxidant system components (e.g., glutathione, peroxiredoxins) modulate RONS levels and are themselves subject to redox regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Reversible protein redox modifications are a fundamental physiological mechanism for controlling cell signaling in oxygen-rich environments.
  • Adaptive redox switches are critical regulators of numerous physiological processes.
  • Dysregulation of these redox mechanisms is implicated in various diseases.