Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

57.3K
Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
57.3K
Gap Junctions01:27

Gap Junctions

9.8K
The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
9.8K
Encoding01:19

Encoding

875
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
875
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

3.2K
The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
3.2K
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

1.1K
The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
1.1K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

7.5K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
7.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Modulation of metastable ensemble dynamics explains the inverted-U relationship between tone discriminability and arousal in auditory cortex.

Neuron·2025
Same author

Neural Responses Underlying Interaural Time Difference Discrimination as a Function of Sensory Reliability in the Barn Owl.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2025
Same author

Neural responses underlying ITD discrimination as a function of sensory reliability in the barn owl.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Cortex-wide spatiotemporal motifs of theta oscillations are coupled to freely moving behavior.

Frontiers in systems neuroscience·2025
Same author

Ketamine does not rescue plaque load or gap detection in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Frontiers in aging neuroscience·2025
Same author

Olfactory bulb tracks breathing rhythms and place in freely behaving mice.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same journal

Comprehensive Analysis of Auditory Nerve Fiber Responses using Fiber-Specific Modeling.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

HCN channels modulate the medium afterhyperpolarization and adjust the firing gain of fast alpha motoneurons in mice.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Targeting intracranial electrical stimulation to network regions defined within individuals causes network-level effects.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

When "Noise" Isn't Simply Noise: Deterministic Postural Drive During Noisy Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (nGVS).

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Abrupt Scene Onsets and Gradually Emerging Scene Information Produce Distinct EEG Decoding Dynamics.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

From discovery to translation: charting a course for the <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i>.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

12.2K

Gap encoding by parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in auditory cortex.

Clifford H Keller1, Katherine Kaylegian1, Michael Wehr1

  • 1Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|March 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons in the auditory cortex exhibit faster and more modulated responses to sound, indicating their crucial role in detecting rapid auditory changes.

Keywords:
auditory cortexgap detectioninhibitionoptogeneticstemporal processing

More Related Videos

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
10:50

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Published on: February 19, 2014

12.0K
Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging
10:09

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2012

14.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain
09:29

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Published on: October 11, 2017

12.2K
Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI
10:50

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Published on: February 19, 2014

12.0K
Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging
10:09

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2012

14.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Cellular Neuroscience

Background:

  • Synaptic inhibition is critical for temporal processing in the auditory cortex.
  • The specific roles of distinct inhibitory interneuron types in auditory temporal processing are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons to temporal processing in the auditory cortex.
  • To determine how PV+ interneurons encode temporal features like gaps in noise.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo electrophysiological recordings were performed in the auditory cortex of rodents.
  • Responses of PV+ interneurons and presumed pyramidal cells were analyzed.
  • Stimuli included gaps in continuous noise and bursts of white noise.

Main Results:

  • PV+ interneurons displayed significantly stronger and more frequent on-responses, off-responses, and post-response suppression compared to pyramidal cells.
  • These enhanced responses in PV+ cells were termed 'deeper modulation'.
  • PV+ interneurons also exhibited faster response latencies to auditory stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • PV+ interneurons show a general pattern of deeper modulation and faster latencies in response to auditory transients, not limited to gap encoding.
  • These properties suggest PV+ cells contribute to dynamic gain control and rapid detection of stimulus onsets and offsets in the auditory cortex.