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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

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Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
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ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
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Reaction Yield02:22

Reaction Yield

60.4K
The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield.
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch
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Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch

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Facile Quantum Yield Determination via NMR Actinometry.

Yining Ji1, Daniel A DiRocco1, Cynthia M Hong1,2

  • 1Process Research & Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 United States.

Organic Letters
|March 29, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a simplified quantum yield measurement using LED NMR spectroscopy. This new NMR actinometry method is effective for various photochemical reactions.

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Absolute Quantum Yield Measurement of Powder Samples
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Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch
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Area of Science:

  • Photochemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Chemical Actinometry

Background:

  • Quantum yield measurement is crucial for understanding photochemical reactions.
  • Traditional methods can be complex and time-consuming.
  • In situ spectroscopic techniques offer potential for simplification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simplified method for quantum yield measurement.
  • To validate the use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for actinometry.
  • To introduce novel NMR-friendly actinometers.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an in situ LED NMR spectroscopy approach.
  • Utilizing established chemical actinometers (potassium ferrioxalate, o-nitrobenzaldehyde) for validation.
  • Introducing and testing 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde as a new NMR-friendly actinometer.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the utility and performance of NMR actinometry.
  • Successfully measured quantum yields for known and recently published photochemical reactions.
  • Validated 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde as an effective actinometer at 365 and 440 nm.

Conclusions:

  • The developed in situ LED NMR spectroscopy method provides a simplified approach to quantum yield determination.
  • NMR actinometry is a viable and effective technique for photochemical research.
  • The novel 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde actinometer expands the toolkit for photochemical studies.