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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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Personality Disorders: Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive01:24

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Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are two separate psychological conditions that influence behavior, relationships, and overall life functioning. Though both involve maladaptive behaviors, their core characteristics and motivations differ significantly.
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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Contact-dependent Signaling

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Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
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Modafinil Dependence: A Case with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Huseyin Alacam1, Omer Basay2, Selim Tumkaya1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.

Psychiatry Investigation
|March 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients may develop Modafinil addiction, even though it

Keywords:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderDependenceModafinil

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Modafinil is commonly perceived as having a low addiction potential.
  • Limited case reports suggest Modafinil may cause addiction in some individuals.
  • Modafinil is prescribed for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case of Modafinil addiction in an adult with ADHD.
  • To highlight the potential for high-dose Modafinil misuse and dependence.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a patient presenting to a psychiatry outpatient clinic.
  • Detailed description of patient's Modafinil consumption, dosage escalation, and withdrawal symptoms.

Main Results:

  • The patient exhibited Modafinil dependence, requiring 5,000 mg/day.
  • Symptoms included tolerance, withdrawal (irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances, fatigue, vivid dreams), and drug-seeking behavior.
  • Self-escalation of dosage was driven by the need to maintain therapeutic effects on attention.

Conclusions:

  • ADHD patients are at risk of developing Modafinil addiction.
  • Clinicians should be aware of this potential adverse effect.
  • Further systematic research is needed to understand and address Modafinil addiction in ADHD populations.