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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions
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An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions

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Cell-Free Optogenetic Gene Expression System.

Premkumar Jayaraman, Jing Wui Yeoh, Sudhaghar Jayaraman

    ACS Synthetic Biology
    |March 30, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a cell-free optogenetic system using a blue light-inducible promoter for precise gene expression control. This system enables rapid, reversible gene activation and oscillatory responses, advancing synthetic biology applications.

    Keywords:
    EL222cell-free synthetic biologyoptogeneticsspatiotemporal control

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    Reliably Engineering and Controlling Stable Optogenetic Gene Circuits in Mammalian Cells
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    Reliably Engineering and Controlling Stable Optogenetic Gene Circuits in Mammalian Cells

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    Area of Science:

    • Synthetic Biology
    • Optogenetics
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Optogenetic tools offer precise control over biological systems but are underutilized in cell-free synthetic biology.
    • Existing cell-free systems lack efficient light-switchable genetic control mechanisms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To adapt and characterize a blue light-inducible Escherichia coli promoter for cell-free systems.
    • To demonstrate the potential of optogenetics in cell-free synthetic biology for dynamic gene expression programming.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental characterization of a one-component blue light-inducible promoter in a cell-free environment.
    • Development and application of a deterministic mathematical model for system analysis and optimization.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved over 10-fold dynamic range in gene expression.
    • Demonstrated rapid and reversible light-induced gene activation.
    • Successfully generated oscillatory gene expression patterns.
    • Mathematical model accurately recapitulated system behavior and guided optimization.

    Conclusions:

    • This cell-free optogenetic system provides a simple and efficient method for dynamic gene expression control.
    • The approach enables high-throughput screening and rapid prototyping of biological networks without chemical induction.
    • Opens new avenues for spatiotemporal programming of biological functions in vitro.