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Related Concept Videos

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
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Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:19

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Pericarditis is distinguished by inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac that encases the heart. It can be acute, lasting less than six weeks, or chronic, persisting for over three months. Understanding its clinical manifestations and diagnostic findings is crucial for timely and effective management.Clinical ManifestationsWhile pericarditis can be asymptomatic, it usually presents with characteristic symptoms such as:Chest Pain: The most characteristic symptom of pericarditis is chest...
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Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

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Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization
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Hepatitis D diagnostics:Utilization and testing in the United States.

Parham Safaie1, Sanam Razeghi1, Susan D Rouster1

  • 1Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.

Virus Research
|March 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) testing is underutilized in the U.S., despite a prevalence exceeding 2% in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients. Enhanced surveillance for HDV infection is recommended.

Keywords:
HDVHIVMidwestScreening

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is a significant concern, often co-occurring with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
  • Limited data exist on HDV testing frequency and prevalence in the United States.
  • Understanding HDV prevalence is crucial for managing HBV co-infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utilization of HDV antibody testing in HBsAg-positive patients using electronic medical records (EMR).
  • To determine the prevalence of HDV infection (antibody and RNA) in a U.S. Midwestern population.
  • To assess the need for improved HDV surveillance strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of EMR data for HBsAg-positive patients undergoing HDV antibody testing.
  • Development and validation of an HDV RNA assay.
  • Testing of HBV or HBV/HIV coinfected patients for HDV RNA.

Main Results:

  • Only 121 out of 1007 (12%) HBsAg-positive patients were tested for HDV antibody.
  • HDV antibody was detected in 3.3% of tested patients.
  • HDV RNA prevalence was 2.2% among HBV/HIV coinfected subjects.

Conclusions:

  • HDV testing is underutilized among HBV-infected patients in the U.S. Midwest.
  • The overall prevalence of HDV infection, detected by antibody or RNA, exceeds 2%.
  • More comprehensive HDV surveillance is indicated to identify and manage co-infections effectively.