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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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Tuning lysozyme nanofibers dimensions using deep eutectic solvents for improved reinforcement ability.

Nuno H C S Silva1, Carla Vilela2, Ricardo J B Pinto2

  • 1CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, Ap. 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|March 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) efficiently form protein nanofibers. Varying the hydrogen bond donor in cholinium chloride-based DESs significantly impacts nanofiber dimensions and improves nanocomposite film properties.

Keywords:
Aspect-ratioDeep eutectic solventsFibrillationLysozyme nanofibersReinforced pullulan films

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging as efficient and rapid agents for protein fibrillation.
  • Cholinium chloride ([Ch]Cl) combined with carboxylic acids forms DESs with tunable properties.
  • Lysozyme nanofibers (LNFs) are of interest for material applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of different hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) in [Ch]Cl:carboxylic acid DESs on lysozyme nanofiber (LNF) dimensions.
  • To evaluate the impact of LNF aspect ratio on the properties of pullulan-based nanocomposite films.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of various DESs using cholinium chloride and mono-, di-, and tri-carboxylic acids (acetic, lactic, levulinic, malic, citric).
  • Fibrillation of lysozyme using the prepared DES formulations.
  • Characterization of LNF dimensions (length and width) using microscopy techniques.
  • Fabrication and mechanical testing of pullulan-based nanocomposite films incorporating LNFs.

Main Results:

  • The choice of carboxylic acid (HBD) significantly affects LNF fibrillation efficiency and length.
  • LNFs with aspect ratios higher than those obtained with [Ch]Cl alone were achieved.
  • The longest LNFs (average length 1004 ± 334 nm, width 31.8 ± 6.8 nm, aspect ratio ~32) were produced using lactic acid as the HBD.
  • Pullulan nanocomposite films with 5% LNFs exhibited improved mechanical performance, homogeneity, and transparency.

Conclusions:

  • Carboxylic acid-based DESs offer tunable control over LNF dimensions.
  • LNFs produced via this method show promise as reinforcing agents in polymer nanocomposites.
  • The developed DES-assisted fibrillation technique provides a pathway for creating advanced protein-based materials.