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Maxwell's Equation Of Electromagnetism

Maxwell's Equation Of Electromagnetism

James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) was one of the major contributors to physics in the nineteenth century. Although he died young, he made major contributions to the development of the kinetic theory of gases, to the understanding of color vision, and to understanding the nature of Saturn's rings. He is probably best known for having combined existing knowledge on the laws of electricity and magnetism with his insights into a complete overarching electromagnetic theory, which is represented by...

Superconductor

Superconductor

A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...

Types Of Superconductors

Types Of Superconductors

A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...

Symmetry in Maxwell's Equations

Symmetry in Maxwell's Equations

Once the fields have been calculated using Maxwell's four equations, the Lorentz force equation gives the force that the fields exert on a charged particle moving with a certain velocity. The Lorentz force equation combines the force of the electric field and of the magnetic field on the moving charge. Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law together encompass all the laws of electricity and magnetism. The symmetry that Maxwell introduced into his mathematical framework may not be...

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial differential between quantities that can be hard to measure experimentally to a partial differential between quantities that can be easily measured. These relations are a set of equations derivable from the symmetry of the second derivatives and the thermodynamic potentials.
All thermodynamic potentials are exact differentials. Therefore, their second-order...

Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving

Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving

A parallel-plate capacitor with capacitance C, whose plates have area A and separation distance d, is connected to a resistor R and a battery of voltage V. The current starts to flow at t = 0. What is the displacement current between the capacitor plates at time t? From the properties of the capacitor, what is the corresponding real current?
To solve the problem, we can use the equations from the analysis of an RC circuit and Maxwell's version of Ampère's law.
For the first part of the problem,...

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Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

Published on: June 3, 2015

Information-to-work conversion by Maxwell's demon in a superconducting circuit quantum electrodynamical system.

Y Masuyama¹, K Funo², Y Murashita³

¹Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.

Nature Communications

|March 31, 2018

Summary

Researchers experimentally realized a Maxwell

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Area of Science:

Quantum physics
Information thermodynamics
Statistical mechanics

Background:

Information thermodynamics connects information theory and statistical physics.
Maxwell's demon is a theoretical concept using information to reduce entropy.
Quantum systems offer a platform for exploring these principles.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally realize a Maxwell's demon.
To investigate information thermodynamics in a quantum system.
To verify fluctuation theorems and evaluate energy conversion efficiency.

Main Methods:

Implemented a Maxwell's demon on a superconducting quantum circuit.
Utilized quantum non-demolition projective measurement and feedback control.
Performed experiments on a single qubit.

Main Results:

Successfully demonstrated a Maxwell's demon in a quantum circuit.
Verified the generalized integral fluctuation theorem.
Quantified the conversion efficiency from information gain to work.

Conclusions:

This experiment provides a physical realization of Maxwell's demon.
It advances the experimental study of quantum information thermodynamics.
It opens avenues for exploring quantum machines and feedback control.