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Related Concept Videos

What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Selective Harvesting of Marginating-hepatic Leukocytes
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[Selective mutism].

J Rogoll1, M Petzold2, A Ströhle3

  • 1, Güntzelstraße 62, 10717, Berlin, Deutschland.

Der Nervenarzt
|March 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selective mutism, an anxiety disorder, often starts in childhood and can persist into adulthood. Its causes are multifactorial, and treatment involves psychotherapy, speech therapy, and medication.

Keywords:
ComorbiditiesEtiologyPharmacotherapyPsychotherapySocial phobia

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Speech Pathology

Background:

  • Selective mutism (SM) was first described 140 years ago.
  • DSM-5 elevated SM to an independent anxiety disorder, increasing focus in adult psychiatry.
  • SM often begins in early childhood, characterized by speechlessness in specific situations, with diagnosis frequently delayed until school enrollment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of selective mutism as an independent anxiety disorder.
  • To discuss the diagnostic criteria, presentation, and course of selective mutism.
  • To explore the evolving understanding of its etiology and current therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of selective mutism in medical and psychiatric contexts.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and clinical presentation across different age groups.
  • Examination of etiological theories and treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • Selective mutism is recognized as an independent anxiety disorder, often comorbid with social phobia and depression.
  • The disorder's course is variable, ranging from spontaneous remission to persistence into adulthood.
  • Current understanding favors a multifactorial etiology, including genetic, psychological, and language-related factors, over a purely traumatic origin.

Conclusions:

  • Selective mutism requires a comprehensive understanding due to its varied presentation and course.
  • Multifactorial etiology necessitates integrated therapeutic strategies.
  • Effective management combines psychotherapy, speech therapy, and potentially psychopharmacology.