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Veterinary streptococcal infections are treated with antibiotics like penicillins, but resistance is emerging. This review details antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and epidemiology in key animal-infecting streptococcus species.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Microbiology
  • Antimicrobial Resistance
  • Molecular Epidemiology

Background:

  • The genus *Streptococcus* comprises diverse Gram-positive cocci, including significant animal pathogens like *S. uberis* (bovine mastitis) and zoonotic agents such as *S. suis*.
  • Some *Streptococcus* species, like *S. agalactiae*, can infect both humans and animals, posing distinct public health challenges.
  • Antibiotics including penicillins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines are crucial for treating streptococcal infections in veterinary medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a taxonomic overview of animal-infecting streptococci.
  • To review the prevalence, mechanisms, and molecular epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary streptococci.
  • To highlight the global dynamics of antibiotic resistance acquisition in this genus.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on antimicrobial resistance in *Streptococcus* species relevant to veterinary medicine.
  • Analysis of resistance phenotypes, genetic determinants, and dissemination mechanisms.
  • Examination of epidemiological data on resistance prevalence worldwide.

Main Results:

  • Antibiotic resistance is reported in streptococci isolated from animals globally, although resistance acquisition dynamics are slower than in *Enterobacteriaceae*.
  • Limited horizontal gene transfer contributes to slower resistance spread, but mobile genetic elements like transposons and integrative conjugative elements facilitate resistance determinant dissemination.
  • Key resistance mechanisms and epidemiological trends in important veterinary streptococcal species are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the mechanisms and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary streptococci is critical for effective treatment and control of infections.
  • While horizontal gene spread is less common than in other bacterial groups, mobile genetic elements play a role in disseminating resistance.
  • Continued surveillance and research are necessary to manage the evolving threat of antibiotic resistance in animal health.