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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
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Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles activate primary monocytes.

Kathrin Gärtner1, Christina Battke1, Judith Dünzkofer2

  • 1Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.

Cancer Medicine
|March 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Tumor cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that, along with soluble factors, create an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. These EVs educate immune cells, promoting tumor development and immune evasion.

Keywords:
Extracellular vesiclesimmune escapetumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Tumor cells manipulate local immune cells to create an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
  • This microenvironment is crucial for tumor progression and immune evasion.
  • Soluble factors like prostaglandin E2 and TGF-β were considered primary mediators of this immunosuppression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in shaping the tumor microenvironment.
  • To understand how EVs interact with immune cells and influence their function.

Main Methods:

  • Co-culture of primary monocytes with tumor-derived EVs.
  • Analysis of immune cell phenotype and function following EV exposure.

Main Results:

  • Tumor-derived EVs induce an activated phenotype in primary monocytes.
  • This induced phenotype resembles that of tumor-associated macrophages.
  • EVs, alongside soluble factors, contribute to the immunosuppressive tumor milieu.

Conclusions:

  • Tumor-derived EVs are significant contributors to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
  • EVs actively educate immune effector cells, influencing tumor progression and immune escape.
  • A combined action of EVs and soluble factors establishes the immunosuppressive milieu.