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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radicals01:27

Radicals

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Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does...
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Radical Equations01:26

Radical Equations

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Radical equations are mathematical expressions in which the variable is found within a radical, most commonly a square root or cube root. These equations frequently arise in science, engineering, and real-world measurements involving nonlinear relationships. To solve a radical equation, the standard procedure is to isolate the radical expression and then eliminate the radical by raising each side to a power equal to the index of the radical. This process may lead to extraneous...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis
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Radical Surgery for Prostatic Cancer.

Patrick C Walsh1, Hugh J Jewett1

  • 1James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and The Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Cancer
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radical prostatectomy offers excellent long-term survival for select prostate cancer patients. This surgery provides a 15-year survival rate unmatched by other treatments for Stage B1 prostate cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Radical prostatectomy is a primary treatment for prostate cancer.
  • Patient selection criteria have evolved over 75 years.
  • Stage B1 prostate cancer patients benefit most from radical surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term efficacy of radical perineal prostatectomy for Stage B1 prostate cancer.
  • To assess survival rates and outcomes 15 years post-surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 57 patients with Stage B1 prostate cancer.
  • Patients underwent radical perineal prostatectomy between 1951-1963.
  • Long-term follow-up data (15+ years) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • 51% of patients were alive and well 15 years post-operation.
  • 17% died from recurrent prostate cancer.
  • 32% died from other causes without evidence of cancer recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Radical prostatectomy demonstrates significant long-term tumor-free survival for Stage B1 prostate cancer.
  • The 15-year survival achieved with radical prostatectomy remains a benchmark.
  • No other therapeutic modality has shown comparable 15-year survival data for this patient group.