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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Force Classification01:22

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Forces play a crucial role in the study of physics and engineering. They are essential in describing the motion, behavior, and equilibrium of objects in the physical world. Forces can be classified based on their origin, type, and direction of action.
Contact and non-contact forces are two of the most widely used categories of forces. As the name suggests, contact forces require physical contact between two objects to act upon each other. Examples of contact forces include frictional,...
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Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the communication between neurons in the autonomic nervous system. Neurons in the autonomic nervous system can be cholinergic or adrenergic depending on the neurotransmitters synthesized. Cholinergic neurons use acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter. This includes all the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and pre- and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous systems. In addition, neurons of the somatic nervous system also use...
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Classification of Leukocytes01:30

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Leukocytes are classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules. Granular leukocytes, which contain granules, belong to the myeloid lineage and are divided into three subtypes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. These cells are roughly spherical and characterized by the granules in their cytoplasm.
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of granular leukocytes, comprising 50-70% of all leukocytes. They feature small, evenly distributed granules and a...
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Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe...
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Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Comparison of Predictive Performance of Three Lymph Node Staging Systems in Colorectal Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma Based on Machine Learning Model
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Comparison of Predictive Performance of Three Lymph Node Staging Systems in Colorectal Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma Based on Machine Learning Model

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Classification and Staging of Bladder Carcinoma.

George R Prout1

  • 1Chief of the Urological Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Cancer
|April 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Bladder carcinoma staging has evolved from older systems to the American Joint Committee (AJC) classification. The AJC system offers a comprehensive approach for classifying urothelial neoplasms and patient stratification.

Area of Science:

  • Uro-oncology
  • Neoplastic disease classification
  • Cancer staging systems

Background:

  • Bladder carcinoma is a complex neoplastic diathesis with heterogeneous characteristics.
  • Previous staging systems, like Jewett-Strong-Marshall, had limitations in accommodating disease variability.
  • Need for a standardized classification for clinical research and patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the utility of longitudinal observations for classifying urothelial neoplasms.
  • To advocate for the adoption of the American Joint Committee (AJC) classification for bladder carcinoma.
  • To emphasize the AJC system's role in standardizing patient description and treatment analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Review and comparison of bladder carcinoma staging systems.

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An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer
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  • Discussion of the components of the AJC classification: primary tumor (T), nodal involvement (N), metastases (M), grade (G), and lymphatic involvement (L+/L-).
  • Explanation of data acquisition indicators (clinical [cT], surgical biopsy [sN+], pathological [pTpN]).

    • Main Results:

    • The AJC classification provides a common taxonomy for bladder carcinoma.
    • It allows for detailed patient description across different stages and treatment modalities.
    • The system facilitates clear communication and analysis of treatment outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • The AJC classification system is superior for describing bladder carcinoma patients.
    • It should be consistently used in initial diagnosis and follow-up.
    • Standardized staging is crucial for advancing bladder cancer research and treatment evaluation.