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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Slide Preparation Method to Preserve Three-dimensional Chromatin Architecture of Testicular Germ Cells
Published on: January 10, 2014
Staging of Early Nonseminomatous Germ-Cell Testicular Cancer
Elwin E Fraley1, Paul H Lange1, Richard D Williams1
1From the Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, College of Health Sciences, Box 394 Mayo Memorial Building, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Abstract:
The common clinical staging techniques for nonseminomatous testicular cancer fail to predict the pathologic stage in a significant number of patients with Stages I, IIS, and IIA disease. Newer techniques such as ultrasonography and computed tomography are useful in more advanced disease (Stages IIB or higher), but neither can detect microscopic metastases (Stage IIA). The accuracy of clinical staging may be improved by the discovery of new tumor markers and the devising of assays for tumor-associated antigens, but at present retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is needed for staging as well as for treatment.
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