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Related Concept Videos

Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Chromosome Replication02:31

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance01:39

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

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In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

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The Chromosome 18 Clinical Resource Center.

Jannine D Cody1,2, Minire Hasi-Zogaj1, Patricia Heard1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Chromosome 18 Clinical Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.

Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine
|April 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new virtual resource center offers proactive management for chromosome 18 abnormalities, improving care for rare genetic conditions. This resource synthesizes complex genomic data into accessible guides for clinicians.

Keywords:
18p-18q-Ring 18Tetrasomy 18pchromosome 18chromosome abnormalities

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and genomics
  • Clinical medicine
  • Rare diseases

Background:

  • Children with rare chromosome abnormalities often receive reactive, symptomatic care.
  • Genomic-informed medicine enables proactive management based on specific genetic changes.
  • Physicians face challenges accessing and integrating diverse, complex genomic data for clinical use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a pediatrician-friendly virtual resource center for managing chromosome 18 abnormalities.
  • To provide proactive medical care and management strategies based on contemporary genomic data.
  • To address the difficulty of accessing and utilizing emerging gene-specific data in clinical settings.

Main Methods:

  • The Chromosome 18 Clinical Resource Center curated and synthesized clinical data.
  • Data were collected from a database of over 26 years of natural history and medical information.
  • Over 650 individuals with chromosome 18 abnormalities contributed to the database.

Main Results:

  • A virtual resource center with management guides and video presentations was created.
  • This resource is the first edition of collated data to optimize care for children with chromosome 18 abnormalities.
  • Guides are specifically designed to assist clinicians in patient management.

Conclusions:

  • The chromosome 18 data and guides serve as a model for managing rare chromosome abnormalities.
  • This approach can be applied to the over 1,300 individuals born annually in the US with rare chromosome abnormalities.
  • The resource facilitates proactive, data-driven care for rare genetic conditions.