Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons
Published on: September 14, 2016
Performance of heterodyne differential phase-shift-keying underwater wireless optical communication systems in
Abstract:
The analytical expressions for the average bit error rate and the outage probability of a heterodyne differential phase-shift-keying underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system are derived with proper consideration of all of the channel-degrading effects, including absorption, scattering, and turbulence-induced fading. The scintillation index of a spherical wave is evaluated in order to quantify the underwater system performance in a strong turbulence regime. The spherical wave propagating through the strong underwater turbulence environment is modeled as gamma-gamma distribution. Then, the system performance is simulated for various variations of the underwater turbulence, i.e., the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, the ratio of temperature to salinity contributions to the refractive index spectrum, and the UWOC system link length. The results show that the analytical expressions for describing the system performance are valid.
Related Concept Videos
Power Distribution in Three-phase and Single Phase Circuits
Single-Phase Power Distribution:
Single-phase circuits are typical in household settings;...
Communication
Communication
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Turbulent Flow
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...

