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Related Concept Videos

Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Rejection of Fluorescence Background in Resonance and Spontaneous Raman Microspectroscopy
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Three-mirror anastigmat for cosmic microwave background observations.

S Padin

    Applied Optics
    |April 1, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new off-axis telescope design for cosmic microwave background observations offers high throughput and low scattering. This advanced telescope is suitable for gravitational lensing studies and galaxy cluster surveys.

    Area of Science:

    • Astronomy and Astrophysics
    • Cosmology
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations require sensitive telescopes capable of high angular resolution.
    • Existing large telescopes face limitations in throughput, scattering, and polarization error measurement.
    • Future CMB experiments demand advanced optical designs for precise cosmological parameter estimation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel off-axis three-mirror anastigmat telescope design for future CMB observations.
    • To detail the key features enabling sensitive measurements on large angular scales.
    • To assess the telescope's suitability for gravitational lensing and galaxy cluster surveys.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and analysis of a 5-meter diameter off-axis three-mirror anastigmat optical system.

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  • Evaluation of diffraction-limited field of view at various wavelengths (1 mm and 3 mm).
  • Assessment of mirror monolithic construction for low scattering and control of pickup via a comoving shield.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved 1.5 arcminute angular resolution at 2 mm wavelength, sufficient for target science goals.
    • Demonstrated high throughput with an 8° field of view at 1 mm and 12x8° at 3 mm.
    • Incorporated monolithic mirrors for low scattering and a comoving shield for stray light control.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed telescope design integrates multiple features crucial for sensitive CMB measurements.
    • The design supports future experiments by accommodating a wide range of detectors and enabling precise polarization error measurements.
    • This optical system is well-suited for advanced cosmological studies, including gravitational lensing and galaxy cluster detection.