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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Author Spotlight: Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Measurements Enabled by Plasmonic DNA Origami Nanoantennas
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Author Spotlight: Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Measurements Enabled by Plasmonic DNA Origami Nanoantennas

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Quantifying fluorescence enhancement for slowly diffusing single molecules in plasmonic near fields.

Martín Caldarola1, Biswajit Pradhan1, Michel Orrit1

  • 1Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|April 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gold nanorods enhance single-molecule fluorescence. New methods analyze entire intensity burst distributions and interphoton delays, improving accuracy over traditional binned time traces for fluorescence enhancement factor estimation.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanophotonics and Single-Molecule Biophysics

Background:

  • Gold nanorods are widely utilized for single-molecule fluorescence enhancement due to their synthesis ease, biocompatibility, and light confinement capabilities.
  • Existing methods for estimating fluorescence enhancement, such as binned time traces or fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, have limitations in accuracy and data utilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and present novel methods for accurately determining the fluorescence enhancement factor in single-molecule experiments.
  • To overcome the limitations of current techniques by avoiding arbitrary selection of high-intensity bursts and arbitrary binning of time traces.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the entire distribution of fluorescence intensity bursts for enhancement factor estimation.
  • Employing the interphoton delay distribution analysis to extract the enhancement factor.
  • Experimental validation in a two-dimensional system using a lipid bilayer for fluorophore diffusion.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated new quantitative approaches for calculating fluorescence enhancement factors that leverage complete datasets.
  • Provided experimental evidence supporting the novel methods, including histograms of fluorescence bursts.
  • Derived an analytical model for the interphoton delay distribution of immobilized emitters based on fluorescence intensity profiles.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed methods offer a more robust and comprehensive approach to quantifying fluorescence enhancement in single-molecule studies.
  • These techniques improve the reliability of enhancement factor measurements by utilizing all available data, avoiding subjective analysis.
  • The findings contribute to more accurate characterization of plasmon-enhanced fluorescence phenomena.