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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

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Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

22.7K
According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis
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Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis

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Solvent effect on FRET spectroscopic ruler.

Songyuan Qu1, Chuanbo Liu2, Qiong Liu2

  • 1College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|April 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The solvent effect on FRET spectroscopic ruler (SEFSR) can explain discrepancies between single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) and scattering measurements for disordered proteins. SEFSR influences dye-pair distances, impacting experimental accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Protein Dynamics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • A notable discrepancy exists between single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) and scattering techniques (SAXS/SANS) when studying unfolded or intrinsically disordered proteins.
  • Previous research has identified potential causes for this smFRET-SAXS discrepancy, but a consensus on its origin and resolution remains elusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the solvent effect on FRET spectroscopic ruler (SEFSR) as a potential source of the smFRET-SAXS discrepancy.
  • To evaluate the significance of SEFSR, including direct dye-solvent interactions and labeling configurations, in affecting FRET measurements.

Main Methods:

  • SEFSR was identified by measuring a rigid double-stranded DNA segment using smFRET in various solutions.
  • The relative importance of SEFSR was assessed by studying single-stranded DNA and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in different solutions.

Main Results:

  • SEFSR was found to induce significant FRET-inferred interdye distance changes, influenced by the Hofmeister series in ionic solutions and labeling configurations.
  • SEFSR effects were substantial in guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl) and urea solutions, capable of masking apparent expansion signals in dye-labeled PEG.

Conclusions:

  • SEFSR significantly impacts FRET measurements and may be a major contributor to the observed discrepancies between smFRET and scattering experiments.
  • Further attention to solvent effects and labeling strategies is crucial for accurate interpretation of smFRET data for disordered systems.