Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

31.4K
Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
31.4K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.3K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.6K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.6K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.3K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.3K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.3K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
15.3K
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

8.9K
Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
8.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Studying exercise-induced affect in older adults: how the circumplex model could enhance theoretical and practical advances in the field.

Frontiers in aging·2026
Same author

Primitive reflexes as candidate quantitative readouts of hierarchical inhibitory control across the lifespan.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2026
Same author

Cultural and Sex-Related Differences in Free-Word Associations with "Sweets": A Multinational Online Study.

Nutrients·2026
Same author

From social media to body image distress: Problematic internet use, exercise addiction, and enhancement drugs use across countries.

Journal of behavioral addictions·2026
Same author

An AI-Generated Integrated Exercise Addiction Screening Scale (EASS-10): A Methodological Demonstration.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

<i>ACTN3</i> rs1815739 and <i>BDNF</i> rs6265 Polymorphisms May Not Be Associated with Handgrip Strength in Elite Wrestlers.

Genes·2026
Same journal

The influence of chirality on the macroscopic behavior of multiferroic smectic phases.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Polaron transformed canonically consistent quantum master equation.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

The x-ray absorption spectrum of the propargyl radical C3H3â—Ź.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Transient hydroperoxyalkyl intermediates (•QOOH) in isopentane oxidation. I. Conformer- and isomer-resolved infrared spectra.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Transient hydroperoxyalkyl intermediates (•QOOH) in isopentane oxidation. II. Isomer-resolved unimolecular dynamics.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Quantum state-to-state dynamics studies of the C(3P) + OH(X2Π) → CO(a3Π) + H(2S) reaction based on a new HCO(12A″) potential energy surface.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope
06:45

Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope

Published on: February 28, 2019

9.5K

Transition paths in single-molecule force spectroscopy.

Pilar Cossio1, Gerhard Hummer2, Attila Szabo3

  • 1Biophysics of Tropical Diseases Max Planck Tandem Group, University of Antioquia, MedellĂ­n, Colombia.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|April 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate single-molecule force spectroscopy requires faster apparatus response. Faster bead fluctuations are crucial for resolving molecular transition path times, not just folding rates.

More Related Videos

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy
10:37

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy

Published on: March 16, 2020

10.3K
Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy
11:13

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Published on: August 20, 2018

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope
06:45

Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope

Published on: February 28, 2019

9.5K
Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy
10:37

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy

Published on: March 16, 2020

10.3K
Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy
11:13

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Published on: August 20, 2018

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Chemical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Single-molecule force spectroscopy uses laser-trapped beads and polymer linkers to probe molecular dynamics.
  • Molecular (un)folding rates can be extracted from extension-time trajectories under specific conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the requirements for accurate measurement of molecular transition path times.
  • To determine the influence of apparatus response time on the resolution of molecular unfolding events.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of single-molecule force spectroscopy data, focusing on the relationship between bead fluctuation time and molecular transition dynamics.
  • Development of analytic expressions for transition path times on anisotropic 2D free energy surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Accurate measurement of molecular transition path times necessitates faster apparatus response than previously thought.
  • Bead fluctuations must occur more rapidly than the molecule's end-to-end distance changes for proper resolution of transition paths.
  • Measured folding/unfolding rates may be valid even when transition path times are not accurately resolved.

Conclusions:

  • The speed of the experimental apparatus is a critical factor in resolving molecular transition path times in force spectroscopy.
  • Transition path times are sensitive to both molecular properties and the characteristics of the pulling device.