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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
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Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

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HIV infection and stroke.

Laura Benjamin1, Saye Khoo2

  • 1Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|April 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows longer life for people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but increases stroke risk. Stroke is now a major neurological complication, often linked to HIV-associated vasculopathy.

Keywords:
ARTHIV-associated vasculopathycardiovascular diseasecerebrovascular diseasedrug–drug interactionsimmune reconstitution syndromestrokevasculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiovascular Science

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care, leading to longer lifespans.
  • Increased longevity in HIV-positive individuals shifts the disease burden from AIDS-related to non-AIDS complications, notably stroke.
  • Stroke is emerging as a critical neurological complication in the aging HIV-positive population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the evolving landscape of stroke as a neurological complication in people living with HIV.
  • To explore the heterogeneous etiologies of stroke in the context of HIV infection and ART.
  • To highlight HIV-associated vasculopathy as a primary concern and discuss the interplay between HIV treatment and stroke risk.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of current literature on stroke in HIV-positive individuals.
  • Analysis of epidemiological trends and clinical data related to non-AIDS complications.
  • Examination of the pathophysiology of HIV-associated vasculopathy and its impact on stroke risk.

Main Results:

  • Stroke is a leading neurologic complication in individuals with HIV on ART, surpassing traditional AIDS-related conditions.
  • HIV-associated vasculopathy is a significant and evolving etiology, contributing to stroke in this population.
  • ART itself may increase stroke risk and interact with stroke treatment strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Stroke management in people living with HIV requires a systematic approach due to its heterogeneous nature and unique etiologies.
  • Understanding and addressing HIV-associated vasculopathy is crucial for mitigating stroke risk.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interactions between HIV, ART, and cerebrovascular disease.