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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

2.0K
The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
2.0K
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats
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Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Published on: April 4, 2012

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HIV and spinal cord disease.

Seth N Levin1, Jennifer L Lyons2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|April 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Spinal cord diseases in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are poorly understood, especially since combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HIV impacts the spinal cord indirectly through immune changes, leading to varied pathologies.

Keywords:
cytomegalovirus radiculomyelitisintramedullary lymphomamotor neuron diseasesyphilitic meningomyelitistransverse myelitistuberculous radiculomyelitisvacuolar myelopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The epidemiology of spinal cord disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains largely unknown, particularly since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
  • HIV infection can lead to indirect spinal cord injury through immune modulation, degeneration, or associated infections and neoplasms, resulting in diverse pathologies like cytotoxic necrosis, demyelination, and vasculitis.

Observation:

  • Systemic immune dysregulation occurs early in HIV infection, characterized by CD4 cell depletion and microbial translocation, contributing to a persistent proinflammatory state.
  • Neurologic presentations in HIV-infected individuals are influenced by viral control, with primary HIV-associated acute transverse myelitis appearing early and vacuolar myelopathy and opportunistic infections dominating in uncontrolled disease.

Findings:

  • Spinal cord pathologies in HIV vary, ranging from acute inflammatory conditions like HIV-associated acute transverse myelitis at seroconversion to vacuolar myelopathy and opportunistic infections in advanced or uncontrolled HIV.
  • Even with cART, a persistent proinflammatory state resulting from early immune dysregulation may contribute to the development of spinal cord diseases.

Implications:

  • Understanding the spectrum of spinal cord pathologies in HIV, classified by disease stage and immune status, is crucial for diagnosis and management.
  • Further research into the mechanisms linking HIV, immune dysregulation, and spinal cord disease is needed to improve patient outcomes.