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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

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HIV neuropathology.

Susan Morgello1

  • 1Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|April 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes diverse brain and nerve damage throughout disease stages. Neuroinflammation is key to HIV-related nervous system disorders, even with effective treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) neuropathologies impact the entire nervous system across all disease stages.
  • These conditions range from direct viral infection (e.g., HIV encephalitis) to immune dysregulation and metabolic issues (e.g., vacuolar myelopathy).
  • Pediatric HIV presents unique challenges, affecting nervous system development with conditions like microcephaly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the spectrum of HIV-associated neuropathologies.
  • To discuss the mechanisms underlying these neurological complications.
  • To highlight the role of neuroinflammation and emerging entities like CD8 T-cell encephalitis in the context of modern therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HIV neuropathology.
Keywords:
HIVencephalitismyelopathyneuropathologyneuropathy

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  • Analysis of neuropathologic and neurobiologic findings.
  • Correlation of neuropathology with clinical manifestations.

    • Main Results:

    • HIV neuropathologies manifest as direct infections or indirect consequences of immune and metabolic dysfunction.
    • Pediatric HIV neuropathology involves developmental abnormalities.
    • CD8 T-cell encephalitis is an emerging concern, often linked to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome or treatment interruptions.
    • Neuroinflammation is a constant feature, contributing significantly to clinical symptoms.

    Conclusions:

    • HIV affects the nervous system through diverse mechanisms, impacting both developing and mature brains.
    • Understanding the complex interplay of viral, immune, and metabolic factors is crucial.
    • Continued neuropathologic and neurobiologic research is essential for managing HIV nervous system disorders, especially with advancements in therapy.