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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

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Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
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Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

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Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
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Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
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Somnambulism, commonly known as sleepwalking, involves individuals engaging in activities ranging from simple walking to more complex behaviors such as driving. Sleepwalking typically occurs during the slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 early in the night when the person is not dreaming, contradicting the myth that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
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Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Related Experiment Video

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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and growth failure.

E Esteller1, J C Villatoro2, A Agüero2

  • 1Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya, Spain; Medicine Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Spain.

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
|April 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children is linked to growth failure. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy can help resolve this growth retardation, improving children's anthropometric parameters.

Keywords:
Adenotonsillar hypertrophyGrowth failureObstructive sleep apneaSleep-disordered breathingTonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a recognized cause of significant medical morbidity in children.
  • Since the 1980s, OSAS has been implicated as a risk factor for growth failure in pediatric populations.
  • Growth failure associated with OSAS is often reversible upon resolution of the condition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and compare growth failure prevalence in Mediterranean children with OSAS versus healthy controls.
  • To assess the effectiveness of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in resolving growth retardation in children with OSAS.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study involving 172 children with OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 3) who underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.
  • Comparison with 172 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.
  • Analysis of key anthropometric parameters including height-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles.

Main Results:

  • Children with OSAS exhibited statistically significant higher prevalence of growth failure criteria compared to controls.
  • Specific findings included higher rates of height-for-age ≤ 3rd percentile (7.56% vs 2.91%) and weight-for-age ≤ 5th percentile (9.30% vs 2.33%).
  • One-year post-surgery follow-up showed catch-up growth in 66.6% of children with height-for-age ≤ 5th percentile and normalization in 58.33% with height and/or weight-for-age ≤ 5th percentile.

Conclusions:

  • Physicians should consider OSAS as a potential cause of failure to thrive or growth failure in children.
  • Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy are effective interventions for resolving growth retardation in children with concurrent OSAS and growth failure.
  • Surgical resolution of OSAS can lead to normalization of growth rates in affected pediatric patients.