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Related Concept Videos

Autonomic Nervous System01:22

Autonomic Nervous System

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a critical component of the peripheral nervous system, primarily responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. It functions in tandem with the central nervous system (CNS) to seamlessly coordinate various physiological processes without the need for conscious control.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. These divisions function antagonistically to maintain a dynamic...
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Autonomic Nervous System: Overview01:26

Autonomic Nervous System: Overview

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The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerve cells, clusters of nerve cells, and the sensory receptors that are outside the CNS. The PNS has two types of nerve cells: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory cells send signals to the CNS from receptors, and motor cells carry signals from the CNS to organs, muscles, and...
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Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants

2.1K

Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
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Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Blockers01:28

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Blockers

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Ganglionic blockers inhibit autonomic activity by blocking nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, suppressing impulse transmission. These blockers lack selectivity between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and are ineffective as neuromuscular junction antagonists. They can be categorized into two groups:
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Related Experiment Video

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A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
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Changes in Autonomic Tone in Premature Infants Developing Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Tareq Al-Shargabi1, Daniel Reich1, R B Govindan1

  • 1Division of Fetal and Transitional Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.

American Journal of Perinatology
|April 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Heart rate variability (HRV) can identify autonomic nervous system changes preceding necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants. These findings may help diagnose NEC and its severity earlier.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Autonomic Neuroscience

Background:

  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe complication of prematurity with high mortality.
  • Current diagnostic methods lack reliable biomarkers for early NEC risk identification.
  • Autonomic nervous system (ANS) function is crucial in infant health and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the autonomic nervous system antecedents of NEC in premature infants.
  • To determine if heart rate variability (HRV) can serve as an early indicator of NEC.
  • To correlate HRV patterns with NEC clinical severity.

Main Methods:

  • Retrieved archived electrocardiogram (EKG) data from 30 premature infants.
  • Quantified heart rate variability (HRV) metrics from 4 days prior to 4 days after NEC diagnosis.
  • Utilized receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to compare HRV metrics.

Main Results:

  • A depression in autonomic tone, indicated by HRV metrics, preceded NEC diagnosis by 2 days.
  • Autonomic tone recovered to baseline approximately 2 days after NEC diagnosis.
  • HRV patterns showed significant association with NEC clinical severity (Stage II vs. Stage III).

Conclusions:

  • Readily accessible HRV metrics may expedite NEC diagnosis and severity assessment.
  • Autonomic depression identified through HRV could be a clinically meaningful early marker for NEC.
  • Prospective studies are needed to confirm the diagnostic utility of HRV in NEC.