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Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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TuLUMIS - a tunable LED-based underwater multispectral imaging system.

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    This study introduces a novel underwater multispectral imaging (MSI) system. The system enhances underwater object discrimination and captures valuable marine imagery, overcoming previous limitations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Marine technology
    • Optical imaging
    • Oceanography

    Background:

    • Multispectral imaging (MSI) is effective for terrestrial object discrimination.
    • Underwater MSI is limited by light attenuation and harsh conditions.
    • Previous MSI applications have rarely been deployed underwater.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel underwater MSI system.
    • To evaluate its performance in laboratory and field settings.
    • To demonstrate its capability for marine surveys.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed an underwater MSI system using a tunable light source, monochrome camera, and pressure-neutral LEDs.
    • Conducted laboratory experiments comparing the system to an RGB camera.
    • Performed field tests for in situ observations of pelagic fauna.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a 76.66% improvement in color discrimination on a checkerboard compared to RGB cameras in lab tests.
    • Successfully acquired in situ MSI imagery of pelagic fauna.
    • Demonstrated the system's viability for real-world marine conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel underwater MSI system significantly improves color discrimination.
    • The system is capable of acquiring useful imagery in marine environments.
    • This technology has potential for geological and biological surveys in the ocean.