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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
Published on: August 22, 2022
Immunohistochemical expression of TLR-4 in temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Luis Eduardo Almeida1, Kyle Hresko1, Adam Sorenson1
1a Oral Surgery, Surgical Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, Marquette University , Milwaukee , WI , USA.
Abstract:
Objective Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is a transmembrane protein involved in the innate immune system and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). The purpose of this study was to histologically examine the level of expression of TLR-4 relative to severity of TMD. Methods Thirty-one human TMJ disc samples were immunostained for TLR-4 and evaluated for intensity of stain. Among the samples, 8 were control samples, 16 were from patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR), and 7 were from patients with anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR). Results There was no statistically significant difference in intensity of stain between groupings (p = 0.673). Conclusions The results indicate a negative correlation between TMD and the expression of TLR-4.
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