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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

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Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
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Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

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The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
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FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs01:26

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Post-approval, manufacturers may modify an approved new or generic drug product. Such modifications can encompass alterations in the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), manufacturing process, formulation, batch size, manufacturing site, and container closure system (FDA Guidance for Industry, April 2004). Often, a drug product may undergo multiple changes.These modifications require careful evaluation to determine their potential impact on the drug product's identity, strength, quality,...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Food and Drug–Viral Interactions01:26

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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug-Related Factors01:18

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Drug binding to proteins is a complex phenomenon influenced by various drug-related factors, each playing a significant role in the interaction between drugs and proteins within the body.
One crucial factor in drug-protein binding is the drug's lipophilicity or its affinity for fat. More lipophilic drugs tend to have higher binding extents. For example, highly lipophilic drugs like cloxacillin exhibit substantial protein binding, with as much as 95% of the drug binding to proteins. In...
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2018 New Drug Update.

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    This review evaluates five new drugs for elderly patients, including an anticoagulant, antiparkinson agent, and treatments for tardive dyskinesia, psoriasis, and constipation. Ratings are based on advantages and disadvantages using the author's New Drug Comparison Rating system.

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    Area of Science:

    • Geriatric Pharmacology
    • Drug Development and Review
    • Clinical Therapeutics

    Background:

    • Elderly populations often face multiple chronic conditions requiring medication.
    • Recent pharmaceutical advancements have introduced new agents targeting common geriatric ailments.
    • Evaluating newly marketed drugs is crucial for optimizing elderly patient care.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review five recently approved drugs for conditions prevalent in the elderly.
    • To assess the properties, advantages, and disadvantages of each new agent.
    • To provide a comparative rating for each drug using a novel rating system.

    Main Methods:

    • Selection of five new drugs marketed within the past year.
    • Analysis of drug uses, key properties, benefits, and drawbacks.
    • Application of the author's (DAH) New Drug Comparison Rating system for evaluation.

    Main Results:

    • Betrixaban (anticoagulant), safinamide mesylate (antiparkinson), valbenazine tosylate (tardive dyskinesia), guselkumab (psoriasis), and plecanatide (constipation) were reviewed.
    • Each drug's profile was assessed for clinical utility in elderly patients.
    • A comparative rating was assigned based on comprehensive property and performance analysis.

    Conclusions:

    • The review provides a structured assessment of new pharmacological options for elderly patients.
    • The New Drug Comparison Rating system offers a framework for evaluating new medications.
    • Informed drug selection can improve therapeutic outcomes for geriatric populations.