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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities
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Dosimetry perspectives in radiation synovectomy.

Iftikhar Ahmad1, Hasan Nisar2

  • 1Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Pakistan.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|April 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Radiation synovectomy (RSV) effectively treats rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by delivering targeted radiation to joints. This review examines radiation dosimetry challenges, patient/staff doses, and mitigation strategies for RSV procedures.

Keywords:
ContaminationDosimetryRadiation synovectomyRadionuclide

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Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear medicine
  • Radiotherapy
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease.
  • Radiation synovectomy (RSV) is an effective RA treatment using targeted radionuclides.
  • Accurate radiation dosimetry in RSV is complex due to radionuclide distribution and leakage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dosimetric considerations for radiation synovectomy.
  • To discuss radionuclide characteristics and radiation doses to target and non-target tissues.
  • To outline methods for minimizing radiation exposure to patients, staff, and the public.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on radiation dosimetry in RSV.
  • Analysis of radionuclide properties relevant to intra-articular injection.
  • Discussion of radiation dose calculations and measurements for various tissues and personnel.

Main Results:

  • Heterogeneous radionuclide distribution and leakage complicate RSV dosimetry.
  • Significant personal doses (Hp(0.07)) to medical staff handling radionuclides like Y-90 were reported.
  • Dose ranges for radiochemists, therapist physicians, and nurses were quantified using TLD ring dosimeters.

Conclusions:

  • Effective radiation dosimetry is crucial for optimizing RSV safety and efficacy.
  • Implementing protective measures is essential to minimize radiation risks to patients and healthcare professionals.
  • Further research into dosimetry and contamination control can enhance RSV protocols.