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Related Concept Videos

Types of Intermediate Filaments01:31

Types of Intermediate Filaments

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The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and II are acidic and basic keratin proteins. Type III is of mesodermal origin and comprises four proteins: vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Vimentin is commonly found in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscle cells, GFAP in astrocytes, while peripherin is found in peripheral nervous system neurons (PNS). Type...
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Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments01:35

Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments

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Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
Keratin proteins, found at the cell periphery near cell junctions, undergo a cycle of assembly and disassembly. In Type...
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Formation of Intermediate Filaments00:57

Formation of Intermediate Filaments

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Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal proteins with higher tensile strength and flexibility than microfilaments and microtubules. Unlike the other two cytoskeletal proteins, intermediate filament formation lacks the enzymatic activity to hydrolyze nucleotides like ATP and GTP to generate energy for polymerization. Therefore, the formation of intermediate filaments is multistep self-assembly. The involvement of any accessory proteins in intermediate filament formation has not yet been...
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The Structure of Intermediate Filaments01:19

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

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The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of microfilaments (7 nm) and the microtubules (25 nm).  These filaments are highly stable and can remain intact when exposed to high salt concentrations and detergents. These filaments are responsible for providing stability and mechanical support to the cells. They also help in cell adhesion and maintaining tissue integrity.
Intermediate...
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The Intermediate Value Theorem01:25

The Intermediate Value Theorem

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The Intermediate Value Theorem is a foundational result in calculus that guarantees the existence of solutions within certain intervals for continuous functions. Formally, the Intermediate Value Theorem states that if a function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and if N is any value between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one c ∈ (a, b) such that f(c) = N. This theorem is instrumental in proving the existence of roots and in analyzing the behavior of continuous...
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Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves01:20

Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves

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Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Isolation of Intermediate Filament Proteins from Multiple Mouse Tissues to Study Aging-associated Post-translational Modifications
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Types I and II Keratin Intermediate Filaments.

Justin T Jacob1, Pierre A Coulombe1,2, Raymond Kwan3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|April 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Keratin proteins (types I and II) are crucial for epithelial cell structure and function. Alterations in keratin genes can lead to rare genetic disorders and influence other diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Keratins (types I and II) are intermediate-filament proteins found in epithelial cells.
  • They are encoded by 54 conserved genes and their expression is tightly regulated.
  • Keratins play vital roles in maintaining cellular integrity and responding to stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions of keratins.
  • To explore the regulation of keratin functions.
  • To discuss the implications of keratin gene alterations in human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on keratin proteins.
  • Analysis of keratin gene regulation and function.
  • Examination of genetic disorders associated with keratin mutations.

Main Results:

  • Keratins perform essential mechanical and non-mechanical functions, including maintaining cell integrity, regulating cell growth and migration, and preventing apoptosis.
  • Keratin functions are modulated by posttranslational modifications and associated proteins.
  • Mutations in keratin genes cause rare, highly penetrant disorders linked to cell fragility and tissue homeostasis disruption.

Conclusions:

  • Keratins are critical for epithelial cell health and tissue homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of keratin genes contributes to a spectrum of human diseases, from rare genetic disorders to common acute and chronic conditions.