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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
Published on: October 10, 2020
The inter-tester repeatability of a model for analysing elbow flexion-extension during overhead sporting movements
Denny J M Wells1,2, Cyril J Donnelly3, Bruce C Elliott3
1The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia. denny.wells@aut.ac.nz.
Abstract:
This study investigates the inter-tester repeatability of an upper limb direct kinematic (ULDK) model specifically for the reporting of elbow flexion-extension (FE) during overhead sporting movements, such as cricket bowling. The ULDK model consists of an upper arm and a forearm connected with a 6° of freedom elbow joint. The ULDK model was assessed for inter-tester repeatability by calculating elbow FE during cricket bowling in two sessions, with unique testers applying the kinematic marker set in each session. Analysis of both elbow FE time-varying waveforms (statistical parametric mapping = 0% time different) and extracted discrete events (no statistical differences, strong correlations > 0.9) support that this model is inter-tester repeatable at assessing elbow FE within the context of cricket bowling. This model is recommended as a framework in future studies for measuring elbow kinematics during other overhead sporting tasks, with recommendations for further participant-specific considerations. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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