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Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Types of Chemical Bonds

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Dative Bonding between Closed-Shell Atoms: The BeF^- Anion.

Mallory L Green¹, Pearl Jean¹, Michael C Heaven¹

¹Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

|April 4, 2018

Summary

The beryllium fluoride anion (BeF-) exhibits strong bonding due to a dative interaction, confirmed by photodetachment spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations. This study explores the unique chemical bonding in BeF- and its electron affinity.

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Area of Science:

Quantum Chemistry
Spectroscopy
Materials Science

Background:

Beryllium compounds can display strong interactions even when atoms are nominally closed-shell.
Previous examples include the Be2 dimer and He-BeO complex.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the bonding characteristics of the closed-shell beryllium fluoride anion (BeF-).
To determine the vibrational frequency and electron affinity of BeF-.

Main Methods:

Photodetachment spectroscopy was employed to measure spectroscopic properties.
Electronic structure calculations were performed to model the molecular interactions.
Natural bond orbital analysis was used to understand bonding contributions.

Main Results:

The electron affinity of BeF was determined to be 104.2 kJ mol-1.
A lower bound for the bond energy of BeF- was established at 343 kJ mol-1.
Calculations showed good agreement with experimental data, indicating a dative interaction as the primary binding force.

Conclusions:

The beryllium fluoride anion (BeF-) is stabilized by a significant dative interaction.
Experimental and computational methods confirm the closed-shell nature and strong bonding in BeF-.