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The Brain-Intestinal Mucosa-Appendix- Microbiome-Brain Loop.

Luis Vitetta1,2, Gemma Vitetta3, Sean Hall4

  • 1Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia. luis.vitetta@sydney.edu.au.

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Summary

The brain-gut axis, influenced by the microbiome from birth, impacts mood. Probiotics may help manage mood disorders by supporting gut health and reducing inflammation.

Keywords:
brain-intestinal-brain axisdysbiosisintestinal epitheliamacrophagesmicrobiomeprobioticsvagus nervevermiform appendix

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • The brain-gut axis is established early in fetal development, with maternal microbial exposures influencing fetal development.
  • The microbiome plays a crucial role in educating neonatal mucosal tissues and skin, and in the post-natal development of mucosal lymphoid tissues.
  • Intestinal mucosal maturation is linked to the brain-gut-brain axis, potentially influencing mood through microbiome shifts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of intestinal resident macrophages in regulating the neuro-endocrine-immunological balance.
  • To investigate the connection between gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and mood disorders.
  • To consider the potential of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy for depression.

Main Methods:

  • This commentary synthesizes current understanding of the brain-gut axis and microbiome.
  • It proposes a model where intestinal macrophages regulate microbial translocation and maintain equilibrium.
  • The authors discuss the implications of dysbiosis and inflammation on mood.

Main Results:

  • Dysregulated pro-inflammatory signals from intestinal macrophages, due to dysbiosis, can disrupt the brain-gut loop, potentially leading to mood disorders.
  • Intestinal resident macrophages are suggested to be key regulators of translocated microbes and metabolites.
  • Sustained inflammation from overwhelmed macrophages may contribute to mood disorders.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiome and intestinal immune system, particularly macrophages, are critical for maintaining neuro-endocrine-immunological homeostasis.
  • Gut dysbiosis and subsequent inflammation are implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
  • Probiotics show promise as an adjunctive treatment for depression, potentially by modulating the gut microbiome and reducing inflammation.