Phytochemical composition, antilipidemic and antihypercholestrolemic perspectives of Bael leaf extracts

In recent times, focus on plant research has improved all over the world and essential parts of plants provide bioactive compounds in human diet. The bael (Aegle marmelos) has enormous traditional uses in the treatment of chronic diarrhea, dysentery, peptic ulcers and as a laxative. The main focus of this study was characterization of bael leaf extract for its bioactive constituents, antihypercholestrolemic and antilipidemic perspectives.

After proximate composition of bael powder, the aqueous extract of bael leaf was used for phytochemical profiling (alkaloids, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content). Afterwards, normal rats group G₀ was administrated basal diet while G₁ and G₂ normal rat groups were fed diets containing bael leaf extract 125 mg and 250 mg, respectively for consecutive 60 days. In a similar way, hyperlipidemic rats group G_h0 was administrated basal diet while G_h1 and G_h2 hyperlipidemic rat groups were fed diets containing bael leaf extract 125 mg and 250 mg, respectively for consecutive 60 days. The blood drawn on day 0, day 30 and day 60 was analyzed for serum parameters, such as total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides concentration and free and ester cholesterol.

Bael leaf powder is a rich source of crude fiber (14.50 ± 0.10 g/100 g). Aqueous extract of bael leaf contains alkaloids (15.58 ± 0.05 mg/g), flavonoids (64.00 ± 0.05 mg/g), phenolics (30.34 ± 0.01 GAEmg/g). From the In vivo studies, the lowest weight gain was observed in group G₂ and in G_h2 as compared to control of both groups. The decrease in serum TC for G₁-15.06%, G₂-17.27% while in G_h1-22.46% and G_h2-34.82% after day 60, respectively. The maximum decrease was observed in group G₂ (- 14.33%) and in G_h2 (- 24.79%) for triglycerides after 60 days. For HDL-cholesterol, significant increase (11.20%) in G₂ and (49.83%) in G_h2 was observed of after 60 days. A trend in decrease of serum LDL-cholesterol in G₂ (- 9.63%) and in G_h2 (- 44.65%) was also observed at day 60, and - 19.05% and - 30.06% decrease was noted in G₂ and G_h2, respectively and decreasing trend was observed in free and total cholesterol - 22.30% and - 81.49% for groups G₂ and G_h2 after day 60.

The results of the present study demonstrated that the extract contents of bael leaf provide protective role against hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic conditions.