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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
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Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

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Variability in circulating gas emboli after a same scuba diving exposure.

V Papadopoulou1, P Germonpré2, D Cosgrove3

  • 1Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. virginiepapadopoulou@gmail.com.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|April 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scuba diving can cause venous gas emboli (VGE), with significant individual differences in bubble formation and clearance post-dive. Further research is needed to understand these variations and improve decompression sickness (DCS) risk assessment.

Keywords:
Decompression sicknessEchocardiographyMicrobubbleUltrasoundVenous gas emboli

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Diving Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Ultrasound

Background:

  • Scuba diving and pressure changes can lead to venous gas emboli (VGE).
  • Decompression sickness (DCS) risk is managed by dive schedules, but VGE occur even within safe limits.
  • Individual variability in DCS risk and VGE presence is significant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the variability and time course of VGE post-dive.
  • To analyze VGE evolution over 2 hours after a standardized scuba dive.
  • To investigate inter- and intra-personal differences in VGE formation and clearance.

Main Methods:

  • 14 divers undertook standardized dives to 33 mfw for 20 minutes.
  • Echocardiography was used to detect and quantify VGE at multiple time points post-dive.
  • Bubble scores were calculated by averaging counts over ten cardiac cycles.

Main Results:

  • Significant inter-personal variability in VGE detection, peak scores, and timing was observed.
  • Intra-personal differences in VGE counts and clearance rates were noted in consecutive dives for most divers.
  • Controlled pool conditions did not eliminate individual differences in VGE response.

Conclusions:

  • VGE evolution post-dive varies considerably between individuals.
  • Further research is required to identify factors contributing to this variability.
  • Developing continuous monitoring or new markers may improve the assessment of decompression stress.