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What is a Species?01:17

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Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ecological community’s structure. Many factors affect community structure, including abiotic factors (e.g., sunlight and nutrients), disturbances (e.g., fire or flood), species interactions (e.g., predation or competition), and chance events (e.g., foreign species invasion). Certain species—such as keystone species—also play a...
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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Procedures for Identifying Infectious Prions After Passage Through the Digestive System of an Avian Species
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Pluripotency in avian species.

Bertrand Pain1, Clémence Kress, Sylvie Rival-Gervier

  • 1Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRA, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, Bron, France. Bertrand.pain@inserm.fr.

The International Journal of Developmental Biology
|April 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Pluripotency in stem cells allows self-renewal and differentiation. Avian stem cells exhibit unique molecular and developmental properties compared to mammalian models.

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Comparative genomics

Background:

  • Pluripotency is the capacity of stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all embryonic lineages.
  • Established in mice, pluripotency research has expanded to various species, including humans and chickens.
  • Chicken embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess distinct molecular, epigenetic, and developmental characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare pluripotency across different species, focusing on avian ESCs.
  • To identify commonalities and avian-specific features of pluripotency.
  • To refine the definition of pluripotency by incorporating avian-specific elements.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation and in vitro culture of chicken ESCs from pregastrulating embryos.

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  • Comparative analysis of molecular, epigenetic, and developmental properties of avian ESCs versus murine and other mammalian ESCs.
  • Examination of induced pluripotent stem (iPS)-derived cells across species.

    • Main Results:

    • Avian ESCs display unique molecular gene expression profiles.
    • Distinct epigenetic mark patterns were observed in chicken ESCs.
    • Avian pluripotency involves original developmental properties not seen in mammalian models.
    • Comparison with iPS cells highlights conserved and species-specific pluripotency mechanisms.

    Conclusions:

    • Pluripotency is conserved across species but exhibits significant avian-specific features.
    • Understanding avian pluripotency provides novel insights into stem cell biology.
    • Avian ESCs represent a valuable model for studying fundamental aspects of pluripotency and development.